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Intensive animal farming or industrial livestock production, also called factory farming, is a modern form of intensive farming that refers to the keeping of livestock, such as cattle, poultry (including in "battery cages") and fish at higher stocking densities than is usually the case with other forms of animal agriculture—a practice typical in industrial farming by agribusinesses.〔Sources discussing "intensive farming", "intensive agriculture" or "factory farming": *Fraser, David. (''Animal welfare and the intensification of animal production: An alternative interpretation'' ), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2005. *Turner, Jacky. ("History of factory farming" ), United Nations: "Fifty years ago in Europe, intensification of animal production was seen as the road to national food security and a better diet ... The intensive systems – called 'factory farms' – were characterised by confinement of the animals at high stocking density, often in barren and unnatural conditions." *Simpson, John. (Why the organic revolution had to happen ), ''The Observer'', April 21, 2001: "Nor is a return to 'primitive' farming practices the only alternative to factory farming and highly intensive agriculture." *("Head to head: Intensive farming" ), BBC News, March 6, 2001: "Here, Green MEP Caroline Lucas takes issue with the intensive farming methods of recent decades ... In the wake of the spread of BSE from the UK to the continent of Europe, the German Government has appointed an Agriculture Minister from the Green Party. She intends to end factory farming in her country. This must be the way forward and we should end industrial agriculture in this country as well."〕〔Sources discussing "industrial farming" , "industrial agriculture" and "factory farming": *("Annex 2. Permitted substances for the production of organic foods" ), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: "'Factory' farming refers to industrial management systems that are heavily reliant on veterinary and feed inputs not permitted in organic agriculture. *("Head to head: Intensive farming" ), BBC News, March 6, 2001: "Here, Green MEP Caroline Lucas takes issue with the intensive farming methods of recent decades ... In the wake of the spread of BSE from the UK to the continent of Africa, the German Government has appointed an Agriculture Minister from the Green Party. She intends to end factory farming in her country. This must be the way forward and we should end industrial agriculture in this country as well."〕〔〔("EU tackles BSE crisis" ), BBC News, November 29, 2000.〕〔"Is factory farming really cheaper?" in ''New Scientist'', Institution of Electrical Engineers, New Science Publications, University of Michigan, 1971, p. 12.〕 The main products of this industry are meat, milk and eggs for human consumption.〔Danielle Nierenberg (2005)'' Happier Meals: Rethinking the Global Meat Industry''. Worldwatch Paper 121: 5〕 There are issues regarding whether factory farming is sustainable and ethical. Confinement at high stocking density is one part of a systematic effort to produce the highest output at the lowest cost by relying on economies of scale, modern machinery, biotechnology, and global trade. There are differences in the way factory farming techniques are practiced around the world. There is a continuing debate over the benefits, risks and ethical questions of factory farming. The issues include the efficiency of food production; animal welfare; whether it is essential for feeding the growing global population; and the environmental impact (e.g. pollution) and health risks.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Health and Consumer Protection - Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare - Previous outcome of discussions (Scientific Veterinary Committee) - 17 )〕〔(Rebuilding Agriculture – EPA of UK )〕 ==History== The practice of industrial animal agriculture is a relatively recent development in the history of agriculture, and the result of scientific discoveries and technological advances. Innovations in agriculture beginning in the late 19th century generally parallel developments in mass production in other industries that characterized the latter part of the Industrial Revolution. The discovery of vitamins and their role in animal nutrition, in the first two decades of the 20th century, led to vitamin supplements, which allowed chickens to be raised indoors.〔John Steele Gordon (1996) "The Chicken Story", American Heritage, September 1996: 52–67〕 The discovery of antibiotics and vaccines facilitated raising livestock in larger numbers by reducing disease. Chemicals developed for use in World War II gave rise to synthetic pesticides. Developments in shipping networks and technology have made long-distance distribution of agricultural produce feasible. Agricultural production across the world doubled four times between 1820 and 1975 (1820 to 1920; 1920 to 1950; 1950 to 1965; and 1965 to 1975) to feed a global population of one billion human beings in 1800 and 6.5 billion in 2002.〔Matthew Scully (Dominion: The Power of Man, the Suffering of Animals, and the Call to Mercy ) Macmillan, 2002〕 During the same period, the number of people involved in farming dropped as the process became more automated. In the 1930s, 24 percent of the American population worked in agriculture compared to 1.5 percent in 2002; in 1940, each farm worker supplied 11 consumers, whereas in 2002, each worker supplied 90 consumers.〔 According to the BBC, the era factory farming per se in Britain began in 1947 when a new Agriculture Act granted subsidies to farmers to encourage greater output by introducing new technology, in order to reduce Britain's reliance on imported meat. The United Nations writes that "intensification of animal production was seen as a way of providing food security."〔("The History of Factory Farming" ), United Nations.〕 In 1960s North America, pigs and cows began to be raised on factory farms.〔 From its American and West European heartland factory farming became globalised in the later years of the 20th century and is still expanding and replacing traditional practices of stock rearing in an increasing number of countries.〔Danielle Nierenburg (2005) ''Happier Meals: Rethinking the Global Meat Industry''. Worldwatch Paper 171: 5〕 In 1990 factory farming accounted for 30% of world meat production and by 2005 this had risen to 40%.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Intensive animal farming」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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